How is the Struggle between Good and Evil presented in Lord of the Flies? Essay

Lord of the Flies was written by Word War II veteran William Golding and follows the lives of a group of school boys who crash land on a tropical island after an atomic bomb goes off. The novel starts like an adventure story of a group of boys free to do what they want in paradise with the lack of adult control. However the story quickly develops into a deeply meaningful insight into the evil of human nature and a tale of the desperate struggle for the survival of good. The author concentrates on the decent from democracy to chaos. He presents the tale as the struggle between good and evil through a variety of methods from physical struggles, like the fights between Jack and Ralph, to subtle battles for control, like Jacks constant power mongering and undermining of Ralph. Golding uses a small group of main characters to tell the majority of the story. First there is Ralph, â€Å"the boy with fair hair,† he is the first character the reader is introduced to and is instantly likeable as he is naturally attractive and has a lot of charisma. The other boys naturally respect him because of these attributes and he makes a good leader because of this. The story revolves around Ralph and his emotions. Ralph is tempted by Jack and evil ways but is undoubtedly good and the hero. Then there is Piggy, â€Å"shorter†¦and very fat,† the second to be introduced. Piggy is the opposite of Ralph in terms of looks and is an easy target for bullying. Piggy however much disliked is most likely the smartest on the island, he is Ralph’s font of information and has remarkable commonsense and is an original thinker. In the civilised world Piggy would be respected, on the island he was forced to solitude through no fault of his own because of his looks. Piggy is like Ralph, good, but unlike Ralph is never tempted by evil. Then there is Jack, the leader of the choir who become the hunters. Jack rules by fear alone and does not like to share power. â€Å"†I ought to be chief,† said Jack with a simple arrogance.† So he is deeply resentful of Ralph being chosen diplomatically as leader. Besides being a leader he is a bully, â€Å"shut up fatty†, Jack targets piggy the most while he starts off gaining Ralph’s trust and broods secretly over his humiliation of democratic defeat. Jack is the main source of evil on the island and drives the island into savagery with his obsession with hunting and power gr abbing. Ralph represents good’s struggle with evil through his actions. To start with he is tempted by Jack and hunting, â€Å"Ralph watched them [the hunters] envious and resentful.† And this is reflected in the way he treats Piggy; at the beginning he mocks him and does not take him seriously, â€Å"†Piggy!† Ralph shrieked with laughter,† by the end he is to Ralph â€Å"the true, wise friend called Piggy.† Golding has shown a drifting scale through the book at the beginning Ralph and Jack are great friends, by the end they are mortal enemies. As Jack becomes less civilised Ralph likes him less and as Ralph becomes more civilised he likes Piggy more. Ralph represents the failing battle of good against evil. Even though ultimately he was rescued, he failed to stop evil and maintain order, peace or even the fire. Jack represents evil in the book and is typically compared with Hitler and other evil dictators in history. The simplicity of Jack is the terrifying part about him. He acts on his feelings and rules everyone by fear and dictating to everyone one. He is arrogant, determined, quite clever, bossy and a bully. At the start he is clearly a bad person and there are dark hints of his evil, â€Å"light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn to anger.† However he is still just a typical bully, nothing special, just in a special situation. Jack controls the â€Å"hunters† who start as the choir but descend into savagery following Jack. It is who Jack is at the beginning of the story compared to who he becomes that shows how evil dominates the island. Jack like many others is primarily concerned with meat, hunting, games and having fun no matter who they hurt. This makes him appealing and as Ralph constantly tries to enforce the rules Jack uses this to undermine Ralph and strengthen his own position. For example Jack criticises Ralph for â€Å"not hunting† and being â€Å"bossy†. Golding also uses symbolism to present the struggle between good and evil. Firstly there is the Conch. This object is used by Ralph to call meetings and to keep order in a gathering by making a rule that only the holder of the Conch may speak. The Conch represents democracy and begins as a beautiful colourful object, â€Å"a deep cream, touched here and there with faded pink.† But as savagery creeps into the island it gets duller and darker until Roger smashes it into â€Å"a thousand white fragments†. This shows how as evil creeps into the island democracy and rules become less and less relevant until they are destroyed completely by evil, embodied in this case by Roger. The fire represents man’s inability to control nature. The fire is used to cook meat and to try and signal for a rescue. However as savagery increases the fire is not used as a signal, it is used only for cooking meat. This shows how some of the boys give up on civilisation and loose hope of it coming back. In the end the hunters try to use the fire to kill Ralph. Ironically this act of pure destruction and chaos leads to the resurrection of society on the island through the arrival of the rescue boat. Simon and Roger represent two ends of a scale in the book. Golding has used Roger as a representation of true evil while using Simon as a Jesus like pure good character. Both are loners with few friends and stay outside the group but when it is involved in good things, like building huts, Simon joins in. As the island descends into savagery Roger not only joins in but also becomes as powerful as Jack â€Å"wielding a nameless authority.† Of course as Simon is the representation of good he is destroyed by evil. Roger as the representation of evil not only helps to destroy Simon, but also murders Piggy. These two characters also help to define the decent into savagery. At the beginning when Ralph has just been elected leader, Simon goes with the Jack and Ralph exploring the island. He is at his most popular at this point and this shows how at the beginning good people like Simon are very expectable. Before the end Simon is murdered and by the time Ralph is hunted Roger is nearly as powerful as Jack. â€Å"Roger edged past the Chief, only just avoiding pushing him with his shoulder.† This shows how powerful Roger has become, because while you would think all of Jack’s followers fear or at the least respect him Roger clearly has little of either for Jack as he nearly knocks him over while passing by. This shows how evil has began to dominate the group and makes it seem like Jake is no longer evil enough to control the group. This shows that evil is it’s own master and Roger would probably go on to take over the group, as he is so evil and therefore powerful. Golding experiences of WWII are linked to the entire book. In WWII Golding would have seen un-imaginable evil, men fighting men to the death merciless and horrible to watch. The ideas portrayed in the book offer explanations to why evil dominates good. Firstly it is easier to be evil and a lot more fun. The novel shows this by hunting and other games. During a hunt a boy must cause pain to an animal and ultimately kill it, but that is not considered as the pleasure is a drug to the young boys’ minds which none can deny. The same goes for games involving others being hurt, they know that they are causing pain but slowly they begin to care less and less. They cause more and more pain to the human they are hunting letting the excitement overwhelm them, until an event like the death of Simon happens and boundaries have been crossed. By then there is no turning back and the once innocent boy playing games are lost in savagery and they have become easy to control with fear and hunti ng. That is how Jack gained his power. Secondly being good all the time is near impossible and boring. Even Ralph joins the hunt and is in fact the first to make fun of Piggy. In fact Ralph is the first to call Piggy Piggy, â€Å"his real name’s Piggy.† And begin the cycle of bullying that leads to his death. What Golding shows by this is nobody, not a saint, a pope or anybody has ever gone through life without performing, however small, some evil consciously. Every boy on the island is tempted and in some way they all commit some form of evil, whether it is the name calling of a weaker boy to the murder of another, they all do it. There are only two exceptions: Piggy, because he is not strong enough to perform evil and Simon, because he is pure good. But in reality no one exists like Simon, unless you believe in Jesus (and what the Bible teaches) and even if you do then you also believe he was more than human. Thirdly the line between good and evil is unclear. As Golding shows the decent into Savagery is slow, as the island changes boundaries of acceptance change. To start in a private school the children would not have bullied an other, as they did to Piggy, as the laws of there school would punish them. Once on the island there new freedom is a luxury and they do not hesitate to call others by names. However they all still cling to civilisation, for a while at least, as at the beginning none would attack another without justification. As the island changes the boundaries are pushed so far that murder is justifiable. As mentioned before once the boundaries are crossed there is no going back. Golding offers another explanation to the reason for evils victory, â€Å"the darkness of man’s heart† perhaps men are naturally evil. If one takes this mentality then in reality there is no struggle between good and evil; just resistance as evil dominates and men become moraleless creatures driven only by basic desire. Books like Lord of the Rings or Harry Potter portray evil as a different species, as men who are corrupted and not as Golding describes men in there natural and basic form. Lord of the Flies is perhaps the only novel which describes the battle between good and evil as the inner battle which every man must face. Simon was a visionary and his realisation is what Golding was trying to say, the â€Å"beast† they all feared was within them. In other words they feared each other and themselves but could not realise this. Golding presents the struggle between good and evil as a battle doomed from the start. He portrays men as naturally evil and only the few who cling to civilisation as good, but they are ultimately doomed as the three who do stay true to humanity are destroyed save Ralph who is rescued by luck. Lord of the Flies shows how without the fragile walls of society what human nature is truly like and why evil in the end will always be able to dominate good.

Global Warming And Corporate Social Responsibility Engineering Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility is the uninterrupted committedness by concern to act ethically and lend to economic development while still assisting the quality of life of their milieus such as the local community and the society. ( Mallen Baker, Business Respect, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.php [ 2010 ] ) This essay will discourse the general background of British Airways company and the state of affairs, cardinal facts, the stakeholders and their engagement and the ethical issues that has arised in the last five old ages. Alternate solutions, rating and decision will besides be discussed on the concluding portion of the essay. A A A A A A A A A British Airways is one of the largest air hoses worldwide that provides conveyance to its riders by plane. British Airways ‘ mission is to give its riders the best possible service in their flight so that they will truly value their stay aboard the British Airways ‘ aircraft. ( Dr Paul Toyne, Dr Andrew Sentence, Article 13 and CBI – CSR Case Study Series, [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublicationHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; URL=http: //www.article13.com /A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublication & A ; PNID=1320 † & amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; URL=http: //www.article13.com/ A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=G etPublication & A ; PNID=1320 † PNID=1320 [ March 2006 ] ) Air conveyance is really efficient and good to its stakeholders, nevertheless, its gives out many negative impacts to the environment such as loud noises and the less obvious, C dioxide emanations. Climate alteration is arised as a immense issue in the 1990 ‘s. Carbon dioxide emanations are a nursery gas that lead to pollution which contribute to what is known as the â€Å" nursery consequence † or planetary heating. ( founded by Arrhenius and Callendar ) It besides comes from waste mopess when the gases can non allow the Sun ‘s energy radiate it back into the infinite. Each clip a plane takes off, fuel is burned breathing C dioxide ( C02 ) into the ambiance which contributes to the â€Å" nursery consequence † . The air hose industry has â€Å" a diverse and by and large unsatisfactory attitude † to carbon offsetting, a study from MPs says today. ( Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] ) The harm done to the Earth ‘s ambiance is increasing and planning and action must be taken to forestall this. A major stakeholder in the company is the directors. The directors in British Airways took the action to fall in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and besides participated in the Kyoto Protocol to assist the nursery consequence job. In a meeting in Copenhagen, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has told the air hose industry ( including British Airways ) to better its C efficiency by an mean 1.5 % per twelvemonth from 2005 to 2010 and by maintaining the marks of this growing yearly. Besides, the UNFCCC wants to see a 50 % decrease in C emanations from 2005 and 2050. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change web site, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/2860.php ) and ( Giovanni Bisignani, IATA ‘s Director General and CEO, BioAge Group, [ Online ] , Avaliable at: h ypertext transfer protocol: //www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/iata-20090923.html [ 2010 ] ) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change gathers and portions information with each other about C dioxide emanations, make up one's minding on what methods are best to manage it and keep a good environment for the society. It launches national schemes and spreads them to each other within the convention to cover with the clime alteration. British Air passages joined the Kyoto Protocol and by making this, they agreed to cut down their emanations by 5 % by 2010 compared to the degrees of 1990. The UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol helps come up with schemes to assist BA ( British Airways ) solve the planetary heating job in an efficient mode. In the Kyoto Protocol, there are two undertaking mechanisms. First, the Joint Implementation ( JI ) allows industrialised states to co-operate with the developing states to transport out undertakings. This allows British Air passages to acquire aid by fall ining the Kyoto Protocol. Second, the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) invol ves investing in undertakings to cut down C dioxide emanations. Huge Numberss of undertakings are supported by investings by the CDM including the CDM grapevine undertaking where immense Numberss of C dioxide emanations have been delivered off from the United Kingdom. British Airways ‘ actions to cut down C dioxide emanations are monitored and precise records are kept by the Protocol and experts squads are hired to reexamine these records. If the nursery consequence is non dealt with, H2O degrees could lift taking to inundations on some locations destructing ecosystems and the alteration in clime could consequence people ‘s wellness worldwide for people who can non accommodate to it. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php ) British Airways ‘ most of import stakeholder is its clients which are its riders. By making all this, appropriate action is taken by British Air passages to assist the life conditions of its riders. By taking action, British Airways promotes a good image for the company go forthing its clients with positive feedback. This will do it ‘s riders continue in buying the services of the concern as the concern shows good ethical behavior and shows that it is a corporate socially responsible concern. It besides shows that British Airways is a company willing and able to take the appropriate action to repair it ‘s jobs. The directors carried out studies and investigated that its employees have first-class client service. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php ) The directors besides recruit CR ( corporate responsible ) experts and promote the employees to believe of their thoughts of their ain to assist with CR. The directors carried out a study in 2008 to oppugn its corporate duty. The response of this study led to the set up of the programme â€Å" One Finish † . The programme involves utilizing all the necessary agencies to cut down C dioxide emanations to forestall planetary heating and to keep a good corporate socially responsible position. However, even by making all this, BA was still left with unsatisfactory remarks that BA had merely purchased 1,600 metric tons of C beginnings which merely average to four return flights to New York. Global heating has to be dealt with, it leads to many jobs. ( Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] ) It increases the temperature ensuing in the expansion of glacial lakes which could take to inundations. It besides leads to land instability which could ensue in avalanches. Both of the se consequences destroys the ecosystems of the animate beings populating in those countries. If this job is non dealt with, the alteration in clime could consequence the people ‘s wellness who can non accommodate to it such as the young person and aged. Besides, planetary warming leads to extreme conditions events which increase the costs of the concern to accommodate to these conditions. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php ) A A A A A A A A A A A A A British Airways volunteered to fall in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. ( EU ETS ) The EU ETS proctors and takes record of all the big C dioxide emitters and let them to breathe to a certain bound of C dioxide. If a company exceeds its allowance it has to buy allowances from other companies in the EU ETS or cut down on how much they emit. This allows British Air passages to buy excess C dioxide emanations than the sum that they are allowed if they need to for their services to maintain their clients satisfied. This allows the company to run its flights and services as normally expeditiously, nevertheless, it could lend to planetary heating if it goes over their C dioxide allowances often. ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] and British Airways, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext trans fer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb )Phase One:StateVerified emanationsChange2005200620072005-2007A Austria 33,372,826 32,382,804 31,751,165 -4.9 % A Belgique 55,363,223 54,775,314 52,795,318 -4.6 % A Cyprus 5,078,877 5,259,273 5,396,164 6.2 % A Czech Republic 82,454,618 83,624,953 87,834,758 6.5 % A Germany 474,990,760 478,016,581 487,004,055 2.5 % A Denmark 26,475,718 34,199,588 29,407,355 11.1 % A Estonia 12,621,817 12,109,278 15,329,931 21.5 % A Spain 183,626,981 179,711,225 186,495,894 1.6 % A Finland 33,099,625 44,621,411 42,541,327 28.5 % A France 131,263,787 126,979,048 126,634,806 -3.5 % A Greece 71,267,736 69,965,145 72,717,006 2.0 % A Hungary 26,161,627 25,845,891 26,835,478 2.6 % A Ireland 22,441,000 21,705,328 21,246,117 -5.3 % A Italy 225,989,357 227,439,408 226,368,773 0.2 % A Lithuania 6,603,869 6,516,911 5,998,744 -9.2 % A Luxembourg 2,603,349 2,712,972 2,567,231 -1.4 % A Latvia 2,854,481 2,940,680 2,849,203 -0.2 % A Nederlands 80,351,288 76,701,184 79,874,658 -0.6 % A Poland 203,149,562 209,616,285 209,601,993 3.2 % A Portugal 36,425,915 33,083,871 31,183,076 -14.4 % A Sweden 19,381,623 19,884,147 15,348,209 -20.8 % A Slovenia 8,720,548 8,842,181 9,048,633 3.8 % A Slovakia 25,231,767 25,543,239 24,516,830 -2.8 % A United Kingdom 242,513,099 251,159,840 256,581,160 5.8 %Entire2,012,043,4532,033,636,5572,049,927,8841.9 %( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ]Phase TwoMember State1st period cap2005 verified emanationsProposed cap 2008-2012Cap allowed 2008-2012A Austria 33.0 33.4 32.8 30.7 A Belgique 62.08 55.58 aˆ 63.33 58.5 A Czech Republic 97.6 82.5 101.9 86.8 A Estonia 19 12.62 24.38 12.72 A France 156.5 131.3 132.8 132.8 A Hungary 31.3 26.0 30.7 26.9 A Germany 499 474 482 453.1 A Greece 74.4 71.3 75.5 69.1 A Ireland 22.3 22.4 22.6 21.15 A Italy 223.1 222.5 209 195.8 A Latvia 4.6 2.9 7.7 3.3 A Lithuania 12.3 6.6 16.6 8.8 A Luxembourg 3.4 2.6 3.95 2.7 A Maltaaˆ aˆ aˆ aˆ 2.9 1.98 2.96 2.1 A Nederlands 95.3 80.35 aˆ aˆ 90.4 85.8 A Poland 239.1 203.1 284.6 208.5 A Slovakia 30.5 25.2 41.3 30.9 A Slovenia 8.8 8.7 8.3 8.3 A Spain 174.4 182.9 152.7 152.3 A Sweden 22.9 19.3 25.2 22.8 A United Kingdom 245.3 242.4 aˆ aˆ aˆ 246.2 246.2Sums2057.81910.662054.921859.27( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] British Air passages set up a programme called â€Å" One Finish † . The programme allows British Air passages to run expeditiously while still taking action to cut down C dioxide emissions every bit much as possible. It has many ways to cut down its C dioxide emanations. British Airways was the first air hose to present a voluntary rider strategy and was besides the first air hose to win authorities blessing for it ‘s C countervailing actions. The voluntary rider strategy allowed riders on board flights to give payments to British Airways so that it could fund power workss and air current farms to cut down C dioxide emitted around the country. Deforestation increases the planetary C emanations by up to 25 % , which is a immense impact towards planetary heating. ( British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb ) British Airways is developing solutions with this programme to forestall deforestation taking to a better environment. Waste maneuvering groups have been recruited by the company to forestall waste excessively much extra waste to be deposited landfill countries which could besides take to carbon emanations. The company reduced that sum of paper by covering with it ‘s services electronically by electronic mail as possible and by altering its manuals, signifiers and studies to electronic agencies every bit much as possible. Overtime, British Airways waste issues decreased continuously. The company besides took reusing and recycling into history. Items that can be reused were donated to orphanhoods and furniture within offices and the aircraft were reused every bit much as possible. All the in-flight wastes were recycled and disposed of decently, which left some waste to be incinerated which avoids taking up landfill infinite. Besides, British Airways has decided to replace old theoretical account aircrafts to newer m ore environmentally friendly theoretical accounts cut downing emanations. All of these solutions of the programme are cost alot in finance but it will go forth its clients satisfied and will demo that it is a company willing to take action with good ethical beliefs leting it to maximize its net incomes in the hereafter without any jobs. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A By fall ining the UK Emissions Trading Scheme which is apart of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme allows British Air passages to demo that it is a concern capable of taking action and believes extremely in its moral and ethical beliefs. They could besides profit themselves with free advertisement and it will demo high leading accomplishments. It besides shows that it is a corporate socially responsible concern by stand foring itself in the EU ETS. However, one should believe that, the company should hold focused more on the attempts on the programme â€Å" One Finish † as that showed more positive consequences. Even though, the company participated in the EU ETS, globally, from 2005 to 2007, there was an addition in emanations by 1.7 % . ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] ) By acquiring involved with the EU ETS, some clip and attempt was wasted particularly by its meetings where this could hold been spent elsewhere. British Airways handled the state of affairs expeditiously and smartly set uping the clime alteration programme, â€Å" One Finish † . The decrease of emanations and energy usage was needed to protect the people for what was known as the â€Å" nursery consequence † . This shows that the concern is corporate socially responsible and boosts its repute pulling inward investing and positive client feedback. One should believe that, the company should hold used its employees to come up with thoughts or have carried out studies to inquire its clients to come up with a solution that would be as efficient but leting them to carry through the clients ‘ demands but non increase the costs of the concern as much. Besides, the company could hold chiefly focused on one portion of the clime alteration programme, so it did non hold to pass enormously on such as air quality and the Auxiliary Power Unit ‘s and Ground Power Unit ‘s which were likely non as noticeable to its clients and could hold been avoided. ( British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-air-operating/public/en_gb ) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A British Airways has decided to go corporate socially responsible because it recognises the importance in working with its stakeholders to demo that it is a company with good moral beliefs and ethical values. Climate alteration arised as an issue where C dioxide emanations is a nursery gas that lead to pollution which is known as the â€Å" nursery consequence † or planetary heating. British Airways contributed to planetary heating by its services where fuel is burnt when one of its aircrafts take off. The company joined the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and the EU ETS to forestall C emanations every bit much as possible. The company besides set up a clime alteration programme called â€Å" One Finish † which had many side undertakings to come up with thoughts to look into the best possible agencies to cut down C emanations.Bibliography/Reference:1. Corporate Social Responsible: Mallen Baker, Business Respect, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.phpA [ 2010 ] 2. Introduction to British Air passages: Dr Paul Toyne, Dr Andrew Sentence, Article 13 and CBI – CSR Case Study Series, [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublicationHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; UR L=http: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublication & A ; PNID=1320 † & amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; UR L=http: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublication & A ; PNID=1320 † PNID=1320 [ March 2006 ] 3. The nursery consequence and planetary heating and citation: Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk /environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] 4. United Nations Framework Convention ( UNFCCC ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change web site, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/2860.php ) 5. United Nations Framework Convention and the engagement of the British Airways and air power industry: Giovanni Bisignani, IATA ‘s Director General and CEO, BioAge Group, [ Online ] , Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/iata-20090923.html [ 2010 ] 6. The Kyoto Protocol, Clean development mechanism ( CDM ) and Joint execution ( JI ) : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int /kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php 7. Ethical motives and values of British Airways, the nursery consequence, clime alteration scientific discipline: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.in t/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php 8. British Airways and the constitution of â€Å" One Finish † : British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate- policy/public/en_gb 9. BA and the purchase of 1,600 metric tons of C offsettings: Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indep endent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] 9. More Ethical motives and values of British Airways, the nursery consequence, clime alteration scientific discipline: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc. int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php 10. Introduction and intents of European Union Emission Trading Scheme: ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unio n_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] and British Airways, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways. om/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb 11. European Union Emission Trading Scheme chart ( Phase One ) on C dioxide emanations: Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Un ion_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] 12. European Union Emission Trading Scheme chart ( Phase Two ) on C dioxide emanations: ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Un ion_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] 13. British Airways and deforestation: British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb 14. European Union Emission Trading Scheme: ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe an_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] 15. Air quality and the Auxiliary Power Unit ‘s and Ground Power Unit ‘s British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-air-operating/public/en_gb )

Strategic Management in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management in Action - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Strategic Management operations usually have quite a significant role in the processes of strategic planning and performance. Strategic implementation involves the actual realization of the planned strategies of an organization on a daily basis. There are four main functions that are used in strategic management in action. They are preparation, organization, directing and controlling stages. Planning: The planning involves the constant practice of the business development. It is basically the outline of business development in any organization. In this stage, the management group establishes what the needs of the business establishment will be in future and creates plans for the action. The plans that are created should be those that are approved by both the business’s stakeholders as well as the organization. Organising: The second stage of organizing basically has to do with developing the teams of the personnel that works in the organization as well as their different roles. It allows tasks which are supported by the delegation of authority to the internal stakeholders. If the stakeholders are dissatisfied with the way labor and authority are used in assigning tasks, their dissatisfaction will end up affecting their performance, resulting in lower overall productivity. Directing: Directing, which is the third stage, is a multifaceted role in which there is the execution of the management processes. It is a practice of communicating, inspiring and guiding the workers.

Hedge and Exchange Rate Effects Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedge and Exchange Rate Effects - Coursework Example The model publicities play a role in the features of the industry. For all stated nations, the affiliation amid the publicity and the commerce features is widely consistent with the economic hypothesis (Bodnar & William 29). Bodnar, Gordon and William claim that it was the contribution of leading financiers’ trade and affordability conferences and the Princeton Finance Seminars through helpful remarks. The provision of information on the direct financial speculation of Japan assisted in the recognition of the trends, developments and regressions made in the financial systems of the three nations (Bodnar & William 29). Japanese stock information from the Nikkei NEEDs Databank was made accessible to Firestone Library at Princeton University and acknowledged when making the publicities findings. The dataset that was utilized in this test was one of a kind due to its information on the currency conformation of the assets of the organizations and obligations involved with the gover nments of the three nations.   ling manners: They decreased the share of the debt contracted in foreign currency and, The organizations corresponded more methodically with their overseas currency obligations with assets denominated in foreign currency and export returns This was mainly achieved effectually by decreasing their susceptibility to exchange rate shocks. More widely, this examination offers new proof on the effect of exchange rate regimes on the level of un-hedged foreign currency debt in the commercial sector and therefore on cumulative monetary steadiness. In order to test the strength of these results, Bodnar, Gordon and William verified that these findings support a broad range of circumstances and econometric particulars. Within a panel framework, the writers managed to indicate that the findings are strong to varying techniques for categorizing exchange rate organization and measuring exchange rate flexibility, potentially confounding macroeconomic inspirations, and are not propelled by adjustment s in the protocols of banks’ overseas currency loaning (Bodnar & William 29). Additionally, Bodnar, Gordon and William used an even an event test approach around exchange rate guidelines adjustment so as to contrast the fluctuations in the organizations’ overseas currency liability assets cross-sectional. However, the organizations’ had to have varying levels of overseas currency barriers. After the study, it was discovered that the adoption of flexible exchange rate rules made the organizations’ decrease their un-hedged overseas currency publicities by making use of more methodically offset assets in overseas currency against their dollar debt risk (Bodnar & William 29).  

What gives your life meaning and direction Essay

What gives your life meaning and direction - Essay Example It is an accounting degree that will give me the knowledge to be successful in anything around the business world. This is because it is always known to be the basic tool and the language of business. It opens doors to every type of business, and it defines how a business is performing and what the lowest line is. Moreover, it gives one a foundation to go and turn out to be a certified public accountant. In addition, an accounting degree will prepare me to turn into a partner with any accounting organization to pursue a profession in corporate management or finance to develop into an entrepreneur or even secure a job in the government. Furthermore, the demand for accountants is outdoing supply since it is ever on the rise and the job opportunities in the present day business world is better than ever before for accountants. Finally, in this progressively challenging and competitive business atmosphere, accounting expertise is desperately sought-after, and accounting has turned into a vibrant career. Therefore, no matter what I choose to do, acquiring a background in accounting will assist to open doors wider for me (Bloomfield,

Is Famine Best Examined as a Result of Overpopulation or as a Crisis Essay

Is Famine Best Examined as a Result of Overpopulation or as a Crisis of Entitlements - Essay Example The studies examine that the increases in the world's food output were particularly impressive after World War II. In the thirty-five years from 1950 to 1985, world grain harvests increased from less than 750 million tons to 1.7 billion tons. Even though the world experienced unprecedented population growth during this period, the growth in food production was so spectacular that it permitted a 25 percent increase in per-capita food supplies and a corresponding increase in meeting minimum nutritional standards. Primarily, these studies concern European countries and the USA but do not take into account Asian and African countries where population growth has a direct impact on famine. P. R Ehrlich in the book â€Å"The population bomb† explains that; "Our position requires that we take immediate action at home and promote effective action worldwide. We must have population control at home, hopefully through changes in our value system, but by compulsion if voluntary methods fail."

America Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

America Exceptionalism - Essay Example Enthusiasts of the myth of American exceptionalism need a radical change on the conception of the nation and the world around, if any efforts against racism, human right violation, and other ills are to bear fruit. The United States of America has had different descriptions in the past two centuries by some of its prominent leaders, ranging from titles like the indispensable nation, free world leader, and the best last hope of earth, the empire of liberty, and the shining city on a hill. These descriptions constitute the concept of American exceptionalism. This is an ideology that America’s political system, history, and values are unique in the universe (Jacobs). Moreover, enthusiasts of the ideology argue that the US is entitled and destined to play a positive and distinct role in the universe. The concept is an international debate among specialists and experts from all lifestyles, from law to former US government officials. Among them is Ted Bromund, a senior research fellow from Margret Thatcher Center for Freedom. Bromund advocates for the American exceptionalism ideology, mainly basing his arguments on the history of the great nation. On the other end of the debate are individuals like Harold Hongju Koh, a laws specialist and former government official in both Reagan’s and Clinton’s administrations. Koh, argues that the American exceptionalism has two facets, the good, and the bad. This paper focuses on the arguments of Koh and Bromund to assert that the American exceptionalism has both the good side and the bad side. In the article American Exceptionalism and its Enemies, Bromund strongly argues that the US is an exceptional state. Bromund begins his statement by pointing out that America has the oldest and the most capitalistic liberal democracy. He further re-asserts that it was the first nation whose foundation was on the belief of inherent human rights, also the

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 15

Case Study Example First, the target to achieve higher scores in already flooded market by using the slogan ‘I will’. Creation of better products with continued innovation that accommodate variety of people enables the brand to stand out. Use of media and retail presentation also account for part of marketing strategy. Main distribution channels for the company have been through regional and national sporting whole sales, special stores, chain stores and institutions. Additionally, sales directly to customers also take place through factory stores in Asia and North America. Third parties produce fine fabrication for company and this production undergoes through collaborative check. Thus, the company ensures usage of only high quality fabrication in manufacturing of their products. Most of the products the company uses are advance technologically through the third parties or on short term to limited sources, which get them from limited suppliers. The third parties provide the company with technologically advanced fabrication used in production. These supplies take place through short term only from limited suppliers. Manufacturing of the products takes place through unaffiliated 14 companies in 65% of the products.Locations of the manufacturing companies are in Philippines, China, Malaysia, Jordan, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia Nicaragua and Mexico. Management of the company inventory is through consideration of various factors, which include current orders, sales expectations and delivery requirement by the customers. By December 31 2013, the company had 117 factory houses and 6 brand stores in North America. Meeting customers’ demands form the basic strategy in inventory management that is a continuous process. System in inventory management enables the company to forecast and planning supply process. During the start of the company, funding for its operation came from the owner but growth and expansion of the business

Pain management and hypnosis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pain management and hypnosis - Term Paper Example In such a way, the analysis will begin by attempting to define hypnotherapy and proceed to discuss the ways in which the practice of hypnotherapy is beneficial to the individual suffering from pain. As a means to accomplish such a task, a variety of medical journals and sources will be utilized so that a thorough and thoughtful analysis can be drawn as to overall efficacy of the practice within the context of medical treatment. The definition of hypnotherapy is of course itself a necessary step in seeking to understand what specifically the practice entails and what it does not. Due to the fact that a great deal of societal misconception continues to exist surround the use and application of hypnotherapy, there remains a great deal of unnecessary and ill-conceived biases with regards to its implementation. For purposes of the medical community, hypnotherapy can simply be defined as, â€Å"the use of hypnosis as a therapeutic technique†. Due to the simplistic nature of the defi nition, it leaves itself open to a broad variety of interpretations. As a means of countering this, hypnotherapy, as discussed in this brief analysis, will refer to the use and implementation of therapeutic hypnotic techniques by a licensed and trained physician. Within the more rigid construct that has been lain out above, one can understand that little room for interpretation of the means by which hypnosis will be achieved as a function of therapy exists. Such a rigid definition is itself highly necessary due to the level of misunderstanding and societal misconception surrounding the term. Though it is not the purpose of this brief analysis to engage the reader as to the incorrect societal and cultural interpretations of hypnotherapy that exist, the reader/researcher should at the very least be mindful of their existence as should the recommending/prescribing healthcare professional. When one considers the applications for hypnotherapy there are vast. Many individuals undergo hypn otherapy as a means to rid themselves of a bad habit, to face difficult or painful memories, or as a means to self enrichment or betterment. Many of these forms of meditation do not have roots in medical treatment (Patterson et al 2010). As such, this is one of the reasons that hypnosis as a therapy has had an uphill battle to achieve a degree of credibility. Whereas when one goes to an orthopedist, there is only one type of orthopedist that is offered - a medically licensed and rigorously trained medical professional. Such is not the same case for a hypnotherapist. Due to the fact that many different levels of hypnotherapists exist, it has been a common misconception that the practice itself is somehow associated with a pseudoscience that provides limited results if any. However, the fact of the matter is that if administered by a licensed professional, hypnotherapy itself can be a powerful tool in seeking to provide a level of pain management that traditional medicinal means canno t and with few if

Should stem cell transplants be done Essay Example for Free

Should stem cell transplants be done Essay Stem cell transplants are often one of the last choices a patient has to survive cancer. All have already gone through chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both and this is the next step in their treatment. Patients have two choices in transplants autologous or allogeneic. In an autologous transplant stem cells are collected from the patient and then given back to them at a later date after the body has been properly prepared for transplantation. In an allogeneic transplant stem cells are collected from a donor, related or unrelated to the patient, then transplanted into the patient. Stem cells can be collected in two different ways. One way is via bone marrow and the other is via peripheral blood. The donor’s or patient’s bone marrow is collected from the pelvis, femur or sternum, though the pelvis is the most common, and then infused into the patient via a central line. In a peripheral blood stem cell collection the donor or the patient has their stem cells collected via a central line in a process called apheresis. This can take multiple collections to ensure enough stem cells for transplantation. Both procedures need to be meticulously planned and all support medications given to ensure successful collection. There are many cancers that stem cell transplants are commonly used for. Multiple myeloma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease and chronic myelogenous leukemia are more commonly treated with transplantation. Each of these cancers has a different success rate, some have a higher success rates than with chemotherapy alone. Proper preparation is important for stem cell transplants. All patients undergo chemotherapy prior to transplantation. This is used to clear out the bone marrow of cells to ensure a successful transplant. Also most patients have already undergone chemotherapy in hopes of curing their cancer without having to have a stem cell transplant. Chemotherapy is not the only medication used to aid in transplants. Patients generally receive G-CSF injections to help promote cell production prior to harvest and to aid in engraftment. Transplantation is not without risks, patients can experience fatigue, infections, lowered red blood cells and platelets or even graft versus host disease. These can all be treated though with good supportive care by the physicians and other support staff. Research shows that stem cell transplants should be done in certain cases because it can allow a greater quality of life by ridding the body of cancer and promoting healthy cell growth and allowing a patient to have other options of therapies to overcome cancer. Multiple myeloma is one of the cancers that can have successful outcomes by a stem cell transplant. Though research shows this is not a true curative treatment for patients, it can give them a chance at a longer life. Both autologous and allogeneic transplants can be done for multiple myeloma though allogeneic transplants are more successful. Bruno et al, (2007) attributes this to the inability of the pre-transplant chemotherapy to eradicate all myeloma cells. Also allografting using stem cells from a HLA-identical sibling has higher success rates than transplants using non HLA-identical siblings. Another cancer that has successful outcomes after transplantation is acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Kiehl et al, (2004) shows that up to 46% of patients who receive an allogeneic transplant have successful disease free survival. Higher risk patients and patients who are in their second complete remission should undergo a stem cell transplant for a greater chance at long term survival. Those who are in their third complete remission, or have had induction failure, have a lower chance at a successful transplant with disease free survival. As stated by Kiehl et al, (2004) these patients only have a 5-15% chance of long term survival despite transplantation. The allogeneic donor can either be related or unrelated, though the donor of choice is a matched sibling. This is not always possible so transplantation should go ahead with and unrelated donor. Hodgkin’s disease can be successfully cured with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, though some patients will need transplantation at some point. Research by Sureda et al, (2001) shows that these patients can achieve long term survival after an autologous stem cell transplant. These patients have generally relapsed after initial chemotherapy or have refractory disease. Poorer outcomes after transplantation can be found in patients who have a short remission period or bulky disease at time of transplantation. This is not a deciding factor in not attempting a transplant though. Stem cell transplants continue to be the only curative option for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Most of these patients receive an allogeneic transplant though some undergo and autologous if no donors are available. Maziaz and Mauro, (2004) show that an allogeneic transplant from a sibling donor had a 60% disease free survival at 5 years. Autologous transplants have an 80% survival rate at 5 years though these patients are only in remission not truly disease free. Age, other health factors, and donor availability are factors to be considered prior to transplant. Maziarz and Mauro, (2003) bring up the question of non-transplant therapy by using Imatinib. This medication is still being researched regarding its efficacy and curative rates. This could be an option for patients who are too ill to undergo a transplant. Stem cell transplants are reliant on multiple medications prior to and after transplantation. Chemotherapies are used to ablate the bone marrow and ready it for production of new healthy cells. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, G-CSF, is used pre and post transplantation. This medication assists in cell production for a successful harvest and then for successful engraftment. High dose chemotherapies such as Ifosfamide, Carboplatin and Etoposide are often used prior to transplantation. (Schlemmer et al, 2006, Straka et al, 20003) These medications ready the bone marrow for transplantation by destroying cells, both good and bad. Elderly patients and patients who cannot tolerate full dose therapy are often given doses at a decreased rate. This does not decrease the chances of a successful transplantation. (Straka et al, 2003) Without obliteration of all cells successful engraftment could not happen. The stem cells would be overrun by cancerous cells and the disease would continue. This is one reason why so much chemotherapy is given prior to transplantation. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor, G-CSF, is a very important part of stem cell transplantation. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce more leukocytes. G-CSF is used both pre and post transplantation. When used pre transplantation it helps produce more lymphocytes that are then harvested for transplantation. Post transplantation it is used to support engraftment and decrease neutropenia. Samaras et al, (2010) states the use of G-CSF can reduce the time to engraftment and potentially lower the risk for post-transplant infections. There are different side effects and complications that can arise from transplantation. As the body is prepared for transplantation, the body is stripped of its natural defenses against infection. With no white cells to help battle against opportunistic infections a patient can become extremely ill. They are also at risk for anemia and thrombocytopenia as the chemotherapy also destroys red blood cells and platelets. This is one reason patients are kept in the hospital for many days during high doses of chemotherapy. They are also at continued risk after transplantation until engraftment and cell recovery happens. Another major side effect that can happen is graft versus host disease (GVHD). This is where the donor cells perceive the recipient’s body as foreign and begin to attack the body. There are 4 grades of graft versus host disease and they can either be acute or chronic. Acute GVHD generally happens as the new cells are engrafting into the host body. Chronic GVHD can happen years later and is more severe in effects to the body. In the acute phases of GVHD the patient can be treated and cured by the use of short term immunosuppressant therapy and steroids. Long term immunosuppression can lessen the effects on the body in chronic GVHD. This in itself can lead to infections due to chronic immunosuppression. (Kiehl et al, 2004, Bruno et al, 2007) Most patients experience some level of fatigue while recovering from transplants. This can be exacerbated by nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, sleep issues and other side effects of transplantation. As patients experience more fatigue they become less inclined to do further activities. It is important to treat all symptoms effectively and encourage patients to be up and moving. This can shorten hospital stays and lessen the chances of infections. (Hacker et al, 2006) Stem cell transplants though complicated and risky are still one of the best choices for many patients. They can be the last chance at survival for patients as well as the best option for the possibility of longer life living with cancer. Relapse and failure of transplant are risks that patients choose to take. There is a complex series of chemotherapy and supportive medications for transplant, but without these, transplantation would not be possible at all. Though side effects can happen, the benefits far outweigh the risks associated with transplantation. Research shows that stem cell transplants should be done in certain cases because it can allow a greater quality of life by ridding the body of cancer and promoting healthy cell growth and allowing a patient to have other options of therapies to overcome cancer. As the years continue and further research is done stem cell transplants will become the first step in caring for cancer patients.

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Abstract Cancer has always been a difficult problem to be solved by humans, of which leukemia is one of them. With the development of gene recombination technology and our in-depth understanding of cancer, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) can be carried out in clinical trials. Recently, CAR-T has made new progress in the treatment of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CAR-T cells are T-cell receptor gene and anti-CD19 antibody gene binding, transfection to T cells, in vitro amplification after transfer to patients for the treatment of leukemia new immunotherapy. The surface of the modified CAR-T cells has a specific binding site, which can recognize the CD19 antigen on the surface of B cells in lymphoblastic leukemia. CD19 antigen can stimulate the continuous activation and proliferation of CAR-T, CAR-T in the patients body can be multiplied hundreds of times, effectively killing acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Keywords: car-t cell therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia 1. CAR-T principle With the development of gene recombination technology, the specific antibody can be stably expressed on the surface of T cells, so that it has a specific antigen epitope. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is carried out on the basis of a cellular immunotherapy. The chimeric anti-gen receptor (CARs) is an antigen-recognition domain composed of a specific antibody in the extracellular domain and an antigen-chimeric protein composed of the intracellular CDC3-ÃŽ ¶ chain or FcÃŽ ³I protein linked to the transmembrane domain[1]. After the CARs are recognized and stimulated by specific antigens, they can provide activation signals for T cells and conduct the signals through the intracellular domain, which results in the activation of cells, which are CARs dependent cell activation and cytotoxicity, and cytokines Release [2]. In order to increase the cytotoxicity of CARs, the proliferation of signal transduction was achieved by constructing co-stimulatory molecules connected to the extracellular CD3CÃŽ ¶ in the intracellular domain, resulting in a multiplication of the cell killing effect, which greatly enhanced the CARs Cell killing effect [3]. Generation of CARs intracellular contains only one activation domain, so its specificity in the identification of tumor cell-associated antigens after killing effect is very limited [4]. Second-generation CARs contain an activation domain and a co-stimulatory domain, such as CD28 or 4-1BB [5-6]. The three-generation CARs are composed of the activation domain and multiple co-stimulatory domains, such as CD27, CD28, 4-1BB and OX40. The increase of these domains not only increases the ability of CAR-T cells to specifically recognize TAA and binding , More able to significantly extend the extracellular area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the cell signal transmission, causing lower levels of cell killing cascade [7]. With the improvement of structural design of CARs and the improvement of tumor targeting and kil ling, the researchers have constructed many other intracellular co-stimulatory molecular structures, including CD134, Lck, ICOS and DAP10 [8]. In addition, CD19-derived CAR-T cells were further engineered by researchers at the Duke University Center for Immunology to autocrine IL-12, which may or may not be required in specific syngeneic tumor models Pretreatment chemotherapy, if further extended to clinical patients can be in the lower side effects to obtain better efficacy [9]. Therefore, the continuous innovation of CARs related technologies is not only the structural optimization, but also the construction of more costimulatory molecules in function. The efficiency and function of CAR-T cells will be further improved. 2. Obtain specific CAR-T cells CD19 is a potential target for B-cell neoplasms and can be expressed in normal B cells, follicular dendritic cells, malignant B cells, and precursor B cells in addition to hematopoietic stem cells [10]. Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia is usually accompanied by CD19 expression, but in other lymphoid system tumor expression is not the same. Jena and others through genetic modification technology for the first time applied to chronic viral vector, the CD19 + specific chimeric antigen receptorand expression of B cells, transfected into the patients T cells, the transformation of T cells called CD19-specific CAR -T cells [11]. These T cells in vitro after a large number of amplification, re-enter the acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients play a role in the body. CD19-specific CAR-T cells are able to recognize leukemia specific CD19 targets and release B-cells from CD19 cells by releasing a variety of cytokines, thereby promoting the clearance of malignant tumor cells. The results show that, after retroviral gene transfection of T cells, in clinical applications is safe and effective [12]. CD19-specific CAR-T cells have been shown to be effective in attacking CD19 + tumor cell lines and in vivo B-cell tumors in animals [13]. In immunodeficient mice, CD19 + T cells can be effectively removed by the addition of CD19 + T cells [14]. 3. CAR-T cells in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing, inert B-cell leukemia, usually occurring in adults, and many patients can have no symptoms for several years, compared with other types of leukemia. Currently CLL has no specific treatment options, no obvious symptoms of CLL advocates observation and wait, mainly symptomatic treatment, drug therapy is difficult to achieve long-term remission and clinical cure. Genetically modified CAR-T cells have a significant therapeutic effect on B-cell malignancies. The New England Journal reported in June that the June Task Force [15] successfully treated 3 patients with CLL with CAR-T cells for the first time, 2 of whom were still in complete remission after 2 years of follow-up. They subsequently found that [16], the infusion of CAR-T cells in patients with peripheral blood and bone marrow in a large number of survival, proliferation in the body more than 1000 times, effective removal of CLL cells function can be maintained for more than 6 months. Not only that, some CAR-T cells are even in the form of memory cells that produce a rapid response when re-exposed to CLL cells. The mechanisms by which CAR-T cells proliferate and survive in vivo are unclear, probably due to the activation or release of cytokines by normal B cells and CD19-expressing leukemic cells in the internal environment. The cytokines such as IFN-r, CXCL9, IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor increased significantly after CAR-T cells entered the body, reaching a peak on the 23rd day after transfusion. Elevated cytokines in bone marrow were consistent with reduced levels of leukemic cells, but TNF levels in peripheral blood and bone marrow did not vary significantly. The number of CAR-T cells in vivo was detected by RT-PCR, and the ratio of cells increased 1000-fold on the 21st day after transfection, accounting for more than 20% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. The number of CAR-T cells was consistent with the time of oncolytic syndrome and elevated lev els of cytokines. The doubling time of CAR-T cells in peripheral blood was about 1.2 days and the half-life was 31 days. It is noteworthy that cytotoxic side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and macrophage activation syndrome may occur after treatment with CAR-T cell immunotherapy. These symptoms and children hemophagocytic syndrome, lymphoproliferative disease occurs in similar cytokine storm [17]. Cytokine storm is due to CAR-T cells kill B cells caused by tumor cell lysis, characterized by inflammation, long-term fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cell reduction. At this point the laboratory examination of patients with ferritin, triglyceride, transaminase, bilirubin, soluble IL-2 receptor a chain were increased and fibrinogen reduction [18]. CAR-T cells after the input, the patients peripheral blood and bone marrow loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinaemia up to 6 months or more, but patients do not necessarily have recurrent infection. If the clinical symptoms require symptom atic treatment, the number of CAR-T cells in the patients body or the anti-tumor effect will not be significantly affected. In the past, patients treated with rituximab, after a few months of treatment, B cells can gradually pick up. Whether this phenomenon will occur in patients with CAR-T cell immunotherapy is still unclear. Because CAR-T cells can proliferate extensively and produce cytotoxicity in vivo, CAR-T cell-specific detection is needed in the course of clinical treatment [19], and timely prevention of adverse reactions occurs. 4. Adverse reactions and treatment Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved surprising clinical results, but have to admit that there are still many cell treatment process risk, adverse reactions after treatment for the treatment of a great test. Because CAR-T can proliferate in vivo and produce severe cytotoxic effects on target cells, the most common and serious is cytokine release syndrome (CRS) [20]. In the current report of CAR-T cells in the treatment of blood cancer cases, almost all appeared in different severity of the CRS response. CRS is mainly due to the large number of cells after activation, including circulating IL-6, ferritin, INFÃŽ ³, IL-2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, including rapid increase in cytokines Caused by fever without cause of infection, persistent hypotension, and even reports of neurological toxicity such as seizures [21-22]. CRS was observed in 48 of the 51 patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells (94%) and serum ferritin levels were greater than 1000 mg / dl in all patients with severe CRS 4-5 C The relationship between the increase of CRP and the course of disease was similar to that of ferritin, but serum C reactive protein and ferritin level did not have significant effect on the prediction of CRS progression. Further, they used 10 healthy volunteers as baseline and found that severe CRS responses within 1 month after CAR-T cell therapy were associated with 24 cytokines including IFNÃŽ ³, IL-6, SGP-130, and SIL6R Serum levels of the peak correlation [23]. Patients with severe CRS response to the survival of patients posed a huge risk, patients with severe hypotension or shock, respiratory distress syndrome, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney dysfunction, it must actively deal with the situation. In addition to the use of vasoactive drugs, tracheotomy and enhanced supportive therapy, the application of IL-6 receptor inhibitor tincture of monoclonal antibody is necessary by inhibiting IL-6 binding to cells and soluble IL-6 And bl ock its classic and bypass IL-6 signal pathway, so after receiving the monoclonal antibody treatment, many patients quickly achieved a good clinical response [24]. CRS can be divided into 5 levels, different levels of recommended CRS treatment is different, it is generally recommended priority early adequate use of trastuzumab to prevent severe CRS response, but because IL-6 mAb is not easy through the blood-brain barrier, 3 to 4 neurotoxic patients, may be preferred to use glucocorticoids to prevent severe CRS. Therefore, IL-6 monoclonal antibody can be relatively early application, can be controlled for CRS and does not affect the efficacy of CAR-T 5. Summary and outlook Nowadays, the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy, especially the treatment of CD19 CAR-T in hematologic tumors, has made great achievements and the application potential of adoptive immunotherapy as the main representative of CAR-T cell immunotherapy Is very broad. Not only in the blood disease, but also in solid tumors and many benign or chronic diseases, it also has a lot of potential applications. With the development of gene recombination technology and antigen protein construction technology, more CAR-T has been applied to precise targeted therapy. In addition, epitopes expressed on the surface of different blood tumor cells, such as: CD20, CD22, CD34, etc. may also be used as future treatment of other refractory blood diseases targeted to disease treatment to bring a new direction. One of the patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells for MLL rearrangement of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed that two patients developed AML after one month of treatment, wh ich may be related to the CD19-negative cellular immune escape Of a mechanism-related [25]. Therefore, the application of CAR-T in combination with multiple epitopes and the sustained killing effect of CAR-T cells in vivo may bring new hope to these cases. There have also been advances in the use of checkpoint inhibitors in combination with CAR-T in the treatment of animals such as AML [26]. However, CAR-T therapy is still a significant clinical risk of adverse treatment, therefore, CAR-T therapy to avoid the safety and toxicity is also a clinical problem to be solved. At present, CAR-T cell therapy for specific antigenic epitopes is combined with nonspecific traditional therapy for tumor cells. It is also a safe and reasonable regimen for the treatment of these diseases, not only killing the tumor cells completely, reducing immune escape and ineffective CAR-T cell immunotherapy, in turn, reduces the dose of non-targeted therapies such as prior chemotherapy and the consequent toxic reactions. Therefore, in the process of discovering new target antigens and constructing precise immunotherapy, The combination of non-targeted drugs and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also the research direction of CAR-T cell therapy for a long time. Thus, CAR-T cell therapy has provided new hope for refractory hematologic malignancies, and although there is a pleasing therapeutic effect, more research and further clinical trials are needed, Multi-angle, combined with previous and recent targeted therapy experience, will give CAR-T cell therapy to bring a broader application prospect and exciting clinical efficacy. References: [1] Deniger DC, Switzer K, Mi T, et al.Bispecific T-cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of endogenous gammadelta T-cell receptors and introduced CD19-specific anti receptor[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the AMerican society of gene therapy, 2013, 21(3):638-647. [2] Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper LJ.Redirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor[J].Blood, 2010, 116(7):1035-1044. [3] Wang J, Jensen M, Lin Y, et al.Optimizing adoptive polyclonal T cell immunotherapy of lymphomas, using a chimeric T cell receptor possessing CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domains[J].Human gene therapy, 2007, 18(8):712-725. [4] Jensen MC, Popplewell L, Cooper LJ, et al.Antitransgene rejection reponses contribute to attenuated persistence of adoptively transferred CD20/CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells in humans[J].Biology of blood and marrow transplantation:journal of the American society for blood and Marrow transplantation, 2010, 16(9)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡1245-1256. [5] Kowolik CK, Topp MS, Gonzalez S, et al.CD28 Costimulation provided through a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor enhances in vivo persistence and antitumor efficacy of aoptively tyansferred T cell[J].Cancer research, 2006, 66à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 22à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡10995-11004. [6] Sanchez-paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-ruiz ME, et al.Deciphering CD137(4-1BB) signaling in T cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy[J].European journal of immunology, 2016, 46(3):513-522. [7] Pule MA, Straathof KC, Dotti G, et al.A chimeric T cell antigen receptor that augments cytokine release and supports clonal expansion of Primary human T cell[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the American society of gene therapy, 2005, 12(5):933-941. [8] Zhao Y, Wang QJ, Yang S, et al.A herceptin-based chimeric antigen rcetor with modified signaling domains leads to enhanced survival of transduced T lymphocytes and antitumor activity[J].Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(9):5563-5574. [9] Pegram HJ, Lee JC, Hayman EG, et al.Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 cradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioning[J].Blood, 2012, 119(18):4133-4141. [10] Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, et al. Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing Eà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²BB2. Mol Ther, 2010; 18 ( 4) : 843-851à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [11] Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper L. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²edirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Blood, 2010; 116 ( 7) : 1035-1044à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [12] Scholler J, Brady TL, Binder-scholl G, et al. Decade-long safety and function of retroviral-modified chimeric antigen receptor T cellsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ Sci Transl Medà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2012; 4( 132) : 132ra53à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [13] Brentjens RJ, Latouche JB, Santos E, et al.Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15.Nat Med, 2003; 9( 3) : 279-286. [14] Brentjens à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²J, Santos E, Nikhamin Y, et al. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts.Clin Cancer à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²es, 2007; 13( 18) : 5426-5435. [15] Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, et al.Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia.N Engl J Med, 2011; 365( 8) : 725-33à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [16] Kalos M, Levine BL, Porter, DL, et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia.Sci Transl Med, 2011; 3( 95):95 ra73. [18] Janka G.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Annu rev Med, 2012; 63( 1) : 233-246à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [19] Kohn DB, Dotti G, Brentjens R, et al. CARs on track in the clinic.Mol Ther, 2011; 19( 3) : 432-438à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [20] Maude SL , Barrett D, Teachey DT, et al. Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Novel T Cell-Engaging Therapies[J].Cancer journal(Sudbury, Mass), 2014, 20(2):119-122. [21] Grupp SA, kalos M, Barrett D, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia[J].The New England journal of medicine, 2013, 368(16):1509-1518. [22] Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, et al. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells[J]Blood, 2012, 119(12):2709-2720. [23] Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome[J]Blood, 2014, 124(2):188-195 [24] Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, et al.Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapy[J].Blood, 2013, 12(26):5154-5157 [25] Gardner R, Wu D, Cherian S, et al.Acquisition of a CD19-neg-ative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rear-ranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell the rapy[J].Blood, 2016, 127(20):2406-2410. [26] Saad S Kenderian MR, OL ga Shestova, Michael Klichishky, et al.Idntification of PD1 and TIM3As Checkpoints that Limit Chimeric Anti gen Receptor T Cell Efficacy in Leukemia[j]Bood, 2015, 126(23):852-852

Everyday Use by Alice Walker Essay -- Every Day Use Alice Walker

Everyday Use by Alice Walker In the story 'Everyday Use', by Alice Walker, the value of ones culture and heritage are defined as a part of life that should not be looked upon as history but as a living existence of the past. Walker writes of the conflict between two Black cultures. Dee and Maggie are sisters whom do not share the same ideals. Mama is torn between two children with different perspectives of what life truly means. In the story, Walker describes the trial and tribulations of one daughter whose whole life is tormented by fear, failure and weakness; while the other "has held life always in the palm of one hand"(61) and moves to a better lifestyle. The possessions of the past will ultimately change the relationships of the future. "Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe."(61) She is afraid of being weak and unable to project her happiness with the life she has chosen. Maggie attempts to remain quiet and reserved during the visit of her sister. The difference of their lifestyle interpretations is one of humble to extravagant. Unlike other young women, Maggie continues to live in an un-educated world where happiness is formed in the heart, not with possessions. Dee, (Wangero) is a self ? centered young woman who ?manages? to come for a visit. Unlike Maggie, she is not living her cu...

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Essay -- Essays Papers

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Billy Bathgate is an important American novel in it’s portrayal of one young man’s evolution from boyhood to maturity. The novel is about a fifteen year old boy that gets taken under the wing of Dutch Schultz, a 1930’s gangster trying to keep a hold of his diminishing empire. As the novel unfolds, so does the rising maturity of the tough young man introduced to us as Billy Bathgate. Billy finds himself in situations that most of us never see in our whole life. In difference to the reactions that most people would have in these situations, Billy learns from them in order to better his role in the crime family. It is for these reasons that the young fifteen year old boy quickly develops into a man. Author Overview The novel was written in 1989 by a contemporaneous author named E. L. Doctorow. Doctorow was born in 1931 and fantasized about the 1930’s crime life as a child. He is an American novelist, short story writer, editor, essayist, as well as a dramatist. His works include Big as Life, The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, Loon Lake, World’s Fair, , Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella, a play entitled Drinks Before Dinner and of course his most recent work Billy Bathgate. Billy Bathgate is Doctorow’s most famous piece of literature. In fact, the book grasped so much attention that it was later made into a movie with an all star cast including Bruce Willis, Dustin Hoffman and Nicole Kidman. Although the film left out a lot of detail, as so many movies based on novels tend to do, it was interesting to see the elaborate detail given to the clothing, attitude, and backdrop that so accurately reflect the inner city Bronx in the 1930’s. Doctorow’s ex plicit, graphic detail show his almost fascination with crime and murder. He almost glamorizes the life of crime in Billy Bathgate. Critical Analisys Although Billy Bathgate was written quite recently, there is an influx of critical opinion reflecting the admiration of Doctorow’s artistry in literature. "Critics marveled at Doctorow’s vivid description of New York City in the 1930’s and of the horrific murders committed by Dutch and his gang."(CLC volume 65 Author Overview) "Billy Bathgate is intended as pure myth, a sort of Robin Hood for grown-ups. Other novels may be more psychologically subtle or emotionally resonant. But few of those ... ...sting novel that I have ever had the pleasure of reading. It is one of those novels that you just can not put down if you try. Billy Bathgate is a vital American novel in it’s portrayal of a boy’s journey to become a man. Bibliography: Bemrose, John. "Growing Up in Gangland." in Maclean’s Magazine. March 1989: 58-9. Vol. 102, No 12 Clifford, Andrew. "True-ish Crime Stories." in The Listener. September 1989: p.29. vol. 122, no. 3131. Eder, Richard. "Siege Perilous in the Court of Dutch Schultz." in Los Angeles Times Book Review. March 1989. p. 3. Kazin, Alfred. "Huck in the Bronx." in The New Republic. March 1989. Pp.40-2. Leonard, John. "Bye Bye Billy." in The Nation. April 1989. pp. 40-2. Vol. 200 no. 12 Pease, Donald E. "Billy Bathgate- a Review" America. May 1989. P. 458-59 Rubin, Merle. "Bathgate: Technique Surpasses Tale." The Christian Science Monitor. March 1989. p. 13 Rushdie, Salman. "Billy the Streetwise Kid." The Observer. September 1989. P.51 Tonkin, Boyd. "A Round Table Story." New Statesman & Society. September 1989. P. 37 Tyler, Anne. "An American Boy in Gangland." The New York Times Book Review. February 1989. P. 1, 46

Willa Cathers Sexual Preference :: Biography Biographies Essays

Willa Cather's Sexual Preference      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A highly discussed subject about Willa Cather is whether or not she was a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lesbian. There are arguments for every side of the topic, but given the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   amount of information we have, its clarity, and the vagueness of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   period itself, all of it can be used for every side.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One aspect that people questioning Cather's sexual preference concerns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   gender identity greatly. This gender labeling system that everyone is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   familiar with is very simple and logically sound, but not true to all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   points of nature. It creates stereotypes, and stereotypes by definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   are attributes to certain things thought to encompass all that share its   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   label. The common idea that is bred into everyone's minds during childhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is that girls act girly and boys act like boys. Girls that play with dolls   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and have tea parties are girls, and when they grow up they will like boys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boys that play with trucks and army stuff are boys, and when they grow up   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   they will like girls. But, if girls play with trucks, they will grow up to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   be boys and like girls, and boys that play with dolls will grow up to be   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   girls and like boys. This image generates the idea that these children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will grow up trying to be something they're not.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This mainstream way of thinking has flowed into gender roles, including   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   roles of the lesbian community. According to these unknown rule makers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     that happen to be everywhere like Big Brother, there are butches and there   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   are femmes. Butches are not attracted to other butches, and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, butches take the male role and femmes take the female role,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reproducing a heterosexual couple. Because of his dominant ideology, women   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   who identify as both or neither are ridiculed and scorned by their own   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   community. Those that are both are seen as freaks of nature. The set   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   structure says you must be one or the other.

Koito Case

Koito-Pickens-Toyota Case Question 1 The Japanese corporate governance system differs vastly from the US system. Discuss corporate governance issues that may arise under the Japanese keiretsu. The corporate governance system in Japan is widely different from the US one insofar as it mostly involves a unique business model called â€Å"Keiretsu†. A Keiretsu is a form of corporate structure that groups a set of companies with interlocking board of directors and common business interests. Thus, due to its particular structure, some governance problem may arise under this Japanese Keiretsu: ) Issues from the perspectives of financiers Because the business is considered almost like an extended family, the financing may become political and the Japanese Keiretsu will almost always give favor to members of their Keiretsu. This could lead the financiers, for instance, to finance a company member of their Keiratsu they wouldn’t have finance otherwise. As far as the potential fin anciers are concerned, the main issue is the difficulty to enter and invest in the Keiretsu. Getting financial information about the Keiretsu firms could be complicated insofar as the financial and accounting statements are not disclosed.Thus, such discretion could lead to an ambiguity or a lack of understanding from an outside perspective. Actually, the keiretsu are just trying to protect themselves from what they fear the most that is to say the yakuza and the greenmailing. b) Issues from the perspectives owners As mentioned above, the keiretsu are suspicious towards the â€Å"outside† and this behavior may make foreign owners face some difficulties. Because the keiretsu system is much more in favor of inside shareholders than the outside ones, the former may find some difficulties to make the most of their shareholder rights.And this can maybe explain why the outside shareholders are often a minority in comparison with the shareholders of the keiretsu. Moreover, even if on e of the outside owners becomes the biggest one, as T. Boone Pickens did, he may not be able to use his rights as he hoped. c) Issues from the perspectives suppliers One of the main issues for external suppliers is to the relationship between OEMs and suppliers that often leads to dumping on the prices and enables the outside supplier to compete with such cheap prices.As far as the integrated suppliers are concerned, the exclusive partnership with the keiretsu they belong enables them to do business with another leading firm and to gain market shares. d) Issues from the perspectives employees On the one hand and in case of horizontal integration, the very structure of a Keiretsu can lead into a confusion in management. The management transfers are so frequent that employees do not understand for which company they really work for is. One the other, the strong stability that comes out from this system could lead to a lack of action and performance from employees. Question 2What were T. Boone Pickens’ motives when he bought the share? In the eyes of many, Mr. Pickens was only acting as a front man for Mr. Watanabe, a well-known green mailer in order to pave a way to gain power and control over the corporation. Mr. Pickens denies all these accusations of greenmailing by claiming that he bought the share to carry out a â€Å"test case† in order to evaluate the accessibility of the market. In others words, his initiative has the only aim of checking whether the United States could make, in the future, profitable investments in Japan depending of the degree of welcome of the market.Moreover, it is not implausible to think that one motive of T. Boone Pickens was the quest of profit. It should be borne in mind T. Boone Pickens targeted Koito as an undervalued investment opportunity in so far as he anticipated a Koito stock rise due to the tight link between Toyota and Koito. The good performances of Koito stock combined with the rise of the net income an d sales reinforce this idea due to the fact that the shareholder’s average annual return has impressively increased. So the pursuit of rise of the dividends could have motivated him to buy the share.As the largest shareholder of Koito Manufacturing, is he entitled to representation on the board, does Japanese law allow for that? If not what in the law could he use to get an equivalent result? With 26. 4% of stock, T. Boone Pickens should have been entitled to representation on the board of Koito insofar as the Japanese law gives him rights due to the fact that he owns more than 10% of stock. But not so in the Japanese Keiretsu point of view. He was overwhelmingly denied board access in a 1989 annual meeting. †¦It is not a custom in Japan just to say, ‘I’ve become a major shareholder so I should become director. ’†, said Takao Matsuura, president Koito Manufacturing Ltd. There are reasons to wager that his seat on the board was compromised by the fact that the company considers him as a greenmailer. Knowing that T. Boone Pickens was planning to increase his stake to 30%, he could obtain board representation by acquiring 4% more than what he expected. In fact, the Japanese law states that those with at least 34% ownership could propose special shareholder resolutions.An alternative would be to establish a new relationship between Mr. Pickens and all the members of the keiretsu based on loyalty and transparency. They would not suspect him of greenmail anymore. We can suppose that T. Boone Pickens has chosen this way insofar as he supported the adoption of a proposal prohibiting Koito from paying greenmail. Question 3 Besides board representation, T. Boone Pickens demanded higher dividend payouts. Were his demands justified? Provide quantitative evidence to back your answer. Besides board representation, T.Boone Pickens asked for higher dividend payout saying that â€Å"Boone Co’s philosophy was to put stockholder inte rests first† (page 7) and in this very case, his demand for a higher dividend can be justified. Indeed, when we look at the dividend payout ratio for the period 1982 – 1985 (Table 1), it decreases meanwhile the retained earnings was increasing (Table 2). Moreover, at the same period, the proportion of cash was also increasing. In others words, the retained earnings were not invested enough and stay as cash.Then in 1986, we noticed that the payout ratio increased up to 39% and at the same time the retained earnings and the cash goes strongly down. Finally, almost the same phenomenon is observed between 1988 and 1990. In other words, the payout ratio is not positively correlated to the retained earnings which are not invested and stay as cash. Table 1 Table 2 Is there anything in the Japanese commercial code that would allow Pickens to try to get more dividends? If yes, why doesn’t he use this? If not, based on your experience as an international investment banker, what changes would you recommend him to propose?In order to increase dividends, T. Boone Pickens had several solutions. Indeed, many researches on the conflicts of interest between majority and minority shareholders show that dividend  payout  is negatively related to ownership concentration and support the assumption that large shareholders do not appear to use dividend policy to remove excess  cash. In other words,  firms with concentrated ownership are less likely to increase dividends when profitability increases and more likely to omit dividends when investment opportunities improve. So, T. Boone Pickens could decrease the ownership concentration of Koito.There are also some more aggressive solutions to get more dividends. T. Boone Pickens could increase his shares ownership in order to increase his decision power in the General Assembly insofar as â€Å"a owner of 34% or more of the outstanding stock could propose special shareholder resolutions†. Question 4 Pi ckens accused Toyota of limiting profits earned by Koito Manufacturing. Explain how the mechanism works? This mechanism is related to the very structure of keiretsu insofar as Toyota, like most Japanese OEM, owns equity positions in its suppliers.In 1986 almost half of Koito’s output was bought by Toyota and at the same time, Toyota has built a dominant position over Koito by having a 19%-part of Koito’s ownership. Therefore, Toyota was not just one of Koito’s customers but also one of its owners. Through its powerful influence and thanks to the close and informal relationship between Toyota and its suppliers, the car manufacturer had been able to negotiate supply contracts, lower prices and then limited profits earned by Koito. Is this a self-dealing transaction? According to Steven L.Emanuel (â€Å"Corporations†, 2009), a self-dealing transaction occurs when three following conditions are met : (1) A key player (officer, director or controlling sharehol der) and the corporation are on opposite sides of a transaction, (2) The key player has helped influence the corporation’s decision to enter the transaction (3) The key player’s personal financial interests are at least potentially in conflict with the financial interests of the corporation. In the case of Koito, 3 members out of 23 are Toyota’s executives.Even if these 3 members are no longer Toyota’s executives, the Japanese notion of loyalty and the business relations between Toyota and Koito (Toyota buy 48% of Koito’s output) could imply that these three chairmen could act in favor of Toyota or at least try to satisfy the two companies. And in this way, the supplier was treated unfairly and conflicts of interests might have occurred. If Pickens gets access to financial information, how can he set out to prove his accusations? If you were an investment banker, what accounts or data would you tell him to scrutinize.If Pickens gets access to finan cial information, he could analyze the Income Statement and compare the evolution of the growth of sales and the growth of gross profit over these past years. Generally, sales and gross profit evolve in the same direction unless there is a below cost-selling. However, here we noticed for example that in 1986, as sales had grown by almost 10,2%, gross profit had grown by 7% and that in 1990, when the sales had grown by 10. 85%, gross profit had only grown up by 2. 8%. Such comparisons could be setting off alarm bells and could point out the fact that Toyota is limiting profits earned by Koito Manufacturing.On the other hand and if he can, he could also compare directly the price of goods sold to Toyota with the price of the same goods sold to minor customers such as Hino Motors. A high difference between the two prices combined with the fact that three directors of Koito are retired Toyota executives, would prove these â€Å"self dealing transactions†. Would you suggest to cha nge the charter of the organization of Koito? As investment banker, I would suggest him to analyze thoroughly the income statements and the supply contracts between Toyota and Koito in details to reinforce his accusations.As far as the charter of the organization of Koito is concerned, I would suggest to add a clause which enables a person somehow related to a strong customer or a strong supplier to be appointed as director to Koito’s board of directors. Question 5 Toyota has threatened to cut all ties with Koito Manufacturing if Pickens take over the company. How would this affect Pickens investments? If you were a minority shareholder in Koito Manufacturing, whose side would you take? Calculate the value of your shares with or without Toyota.Because Toyota is the second largest shareholder in Koito and is its principal customer, representing 48% of the total sales (Exhibit 2), we may think that cutting ties with Koito Manufacturing will lead to huge losses, at least in the first year. Let’s then calculate the value of a share with and without Toyota. In order to use the Discounted Cash Flow methodology, here are the assumptions we made : * The value of the firm is equal to the value of the discounted cash flows for the next four years plus it’s terminal value. The same growth is expected for the coming four years (this growth was calculated as the mean of the previous years growth) * Because the lack of information concerning the cost of equity we used today Koito’s beta (1. 38), a risk free rate of 3% and a Rm of 10% (return on S&P) in order to calculate an approximative WACC. Our calculations provide us with a WACC of almost 8%. With Toyota : Without Toyota : If I were a minority shareholder I would probably take Pickens’ side because he puts shareholder interests first.However, I would be careful and make sure that making stockholders’ interest first instead of company’s one will not damage the entityâ€⠄¢s wealth. Based on your assessment of the case, are large shareholders an effective solution to corporate gouvernance problem? Based on the analysis of this case, it appears that being a large shareholder is not necessarily an effective solution to the corporate governance problem. Indeed, even if T. Boone Pickens is the largest shareholder, he actually has no influence on â€Å"management issues† including those which concern the amount of dividends paid.

Constitutional Assignment

Introduction Interpretation of the Australian Constitution has undergone significant changes throughout Australia's Constitutional history. To highlight the number of different approaches, this paper will critique the method of constitutional interpretation used In Cole v Whitfield (â€Å"Cole†) with reference to the words â€Å"absolutely free† and compare it to the progressive approach in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (â€Å"Rowe†). For completeness, this paper will outline any other major branches of interpretation not examined in Cole and Rowe.Then, the discussion will focus on the reasons for regressive as the preferred approach for interpreting the Constitution. Cole v Whitfield – Interpretative Method and Critique The High Court used originality in its interpretation of section 92 in its Judgment in Cole v Whitfield . Kirby defines originality as interpreting the constitution by ‘ascertaining what the words meant according to the original inte ntions of the founders'.Mason refer this as internationals (for the purpose of this paper, It will be referred as original Intent In the unanimous decision, the court overruled the view that â€Å"absolutely free† In section 92 of the Constitution protected a personal individual right of freedom In Interstate trade. Rather It means free trade between the states from measures characterized as ‘discriminatory and ‘protectionist. ‘ In aiding its interpretation, the court relied on historical materials to assist in determining the meaning of section 92 and contextual analysis to further validate their claim.To identify meaning of â€Å"absolutely free†, the court broke with tradition by using Convention draft and debate materials to support their reasoning. The high court said: ‘Reference to history may be made†¦ For the purpose of Identifying the contemporary meaning of language used, the subject to which that language was directed and the nat ure and objectives of the movement towards federation from which the compact of the Constitution finally emerged'.From these historical papers, the court looked at the surrounding circumstances leading up to federation to ascertain whether the purpose of the provision was in line with what they were trying to do; and that is to create a federal system that caters for a unified financial framework. From this, the court said the ‘purpose of the section is clear enough†¦ To create free trade amongst the Commonwealth and states like' and there can be no doubt that ass guarantees absolute freedom †¦ Room all interstate border duties Nevertheless, one of the major critiques of original Intent Is the ability to Identify the founders' Intention. To derive a meaning of the words â€Å"absolutely free† from historical materials predominantly relies on certain assumptions that are inherently flawed, namely ; materials are accurate and intention for unforeseen matters and the lack guidelines to source historical materials. The Convention debates are incomplete and inconclusive. More importantly, it does to include assumptions on how the federal system ought to operate within the common law.Griffith CO in Municipal Council of Sydney v The Commonwealth helpfully said of Convention Debates: ‘They are no higher than parliamentary debates, and are not to be referred to except for the purpose of seeing what was the subject-matter of discussion, what was the evil to be remedied, and so forth. ‘ Additionally, the majority in â€Å"Work Choice Case† observed that: ‘To pursue the identification of what is said to be the framers' intention, much more often than not, is to pursue a mirage.It is a mirage because the inquiry assumes that it is both possible and useful to attempt to work out a single collective view about what is now a disputed question of power, but then was not present to the minds of those who contributed to the debates . ‘ Furthermore, if we assume the Convention Debates are complete, there is no evidence to suggest the framers put in what they intended. The Convention Debate would involve different states coming together and agreeing to be regulated under one system of government.In that process, the states would argue the meaning of he provisions, which power they were prepared to give up and the ones they would sustain post federation. The result would at best be a compromise between their interests and subsequently cannot reflect their true intentions. This is evidenced in the Work Choice Case the majority found the Convention Debates reveal very little about what those who framed the Constitution thought would fall within or outside the power'.Even if we were to take it one step further and assume that the framers did expressed what they truly intended, it is near impossible for them to cater for unforeseen matters that arise in an ever changing society. An example is set in Work Choice Case where the court identified that corporations ‘in the economic life of Australia today is radically different from the place they occupied when the framers were considering †¦ Legislative powers†¦ ‘ and that it was impossible to attribute to them some intention about how this legislative power operates in respect of these or other subsequent legal, economic, and social developments'.Lastly, the validity of the historical materials is disputable insofar as the lack of deadlines on how these materials ought to be sourced. There is no clear historical procedure or method in place to ascertain framers' intention. Little comfort can be derived from getting a genuine intended meaning particularly in assessing which of the sources are relevant and which ones are reliable. This is again demonstrated in the Work Choice Case. This is problematic as differences in historical materials may lead to differences in Judicial views. meaning of the section 92 because it dra ws on the idea of a federal system; this impression is reinforced by the context provided by the surrounding provisions, ass-91 deal with fiscal charges and burdens†¦ Appearing in CHI IV of the Constitution which is headed â€Å"Finance and Trade. The court looked at the provision in context to what the purpose of federation and noted that the meaning of â€Å"absolutely free† has not changed, thus concluded that freedom is to mean free from discriminatory burdens in the protectionist sense between interstate trade and commerce .A major limit in making implications via contextual interpretation is that critique will say that it does not stay true to the text of the constitution. In response o this, it is maintained that the text of the constitution only takes on meaning when it is viewed in the context of the overarching structure and function of the constitution. ‘ A more detailed discussion on contextual analyses in discussed in Rowe below.Rowe v Electoral Commi ssioner (â€Å"Rowe†) In contrast to Cole whereby the whole court unanimously agreed on its interpretation approach, the Judgment in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner provides a range of different constitutional interpretation methods. The French Court has taken on a progressive approach in interpreting the words ‘directly chosen by the people' in sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution. Accordingly, it was held certain provisions in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 (Act) contravened sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution because the right to vote is democratic and is supported and protected by the constitution .Underpinning their progressivism interpretation of the constitution, the majority Judges relied on the implied meaning from the text of the constitution (contextual approach) based on accepted principles of the Constitution and authority of precedent cases. Progressivism (otherwise known as the â€Å"living tree† institutionalism), believes that the court sho uld construe the Constitution ‘so as to bring it into accord with modern needs and exigencies'.It is understandable why the French court opted for a progressivism approach because the words â€Å"chosen for the people† back in the sass would only mean those who were allowed to vote (this excluded women and Indigenous Australians) . The evolution of Australia's democratic society has significantly changed since 1901 as evidenced by Incitement and Jacobs J] in Mckinley and cited by French CO that the right to vote was subject to he common understanding of the time'.It is of the view of the writer that any other interpretation of methods used here could not possibly embrace the modern view of Australian democracy simply because the framers could not have foreseen how democracy evolved over time. Thus, it is not practical to apply a 1900 federation system to modern day society as evidenced by Dean J in Diaphanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd; â€Å"The Constitution must be construed as a â€Å"living force† representing the will and the intentions of all contemporary Australians, both women & men, and not as a lifeless declaration of the will and the intentions of men long since dead. Contextual constitution and the principles it was set up to uphold. ‘ With constitutional principles of representative government , democracy and federalism, firmly embedded into our legal system, the Judges relied on implication from the actual text of the Constitution. Thus, â€Å"chosen by the people† should be interpreted to mean creating a system of representative democracy because it is in the context of the Constitution that is aiming to set up .More precisely, the court viewed those words as an implied right to vote. Whilst Cole v Whitfield used contextual analysis, the difference here is with Cole, the implication was based on the structure of the Constitution and in Rowe, the implication was sought directly from the text and that the meaning accords with accepted principles of interpretation. These two kinds of implication are outlined by Mason C. J. In â€Å"Act's†.The majority Judgment relied on precedent to conclude the legislative curtailment of the right to vote is constitutionally invalid. All the members of the court relied on the test established in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (â€Å"Lange†) and relied upon in Roach. As stated by the High Court in Lange, the requirement set out in section 7 and 24 'embraces all that is necessary to effectuate the free election of representatives at periodic elections'.All of the Judicial consideration of the term â€Å"directly chosen by the people† supports the view that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution extend to an implied right to vote and this was substantiated by the authority of McKinley v Commonwealth , Mincing v Western Australia , Lang and Roach. It is important to note here, whilst this court relied on the precedent to aid in TTS interpretation, the court in Cole overruled nearly 88 years of law by reinstating the meaning of ass.The dissenting Judges Haynes J and Hoyden J preferred various versions of originality, which is slightly different to Cole v Whitfield internationalist approach. The former (Haynes J) found the ‘evolution of the concept of â€Å"representative government† could not evolve into a constitutional norm' as there was no text and structure' of it contained in the Constitution and the latter relied on what the words originally mean in the sass; that is, the question is what meaning skilled lawyers and other informed observers considered those words to bear in the sass' .He concluded that although suffrage at federation did not conform to modern values, this is not a reason to ignore what the means and applications of the word ‘chosen by the people' in the federation age were'. Is one of these methods of Interpretation preferable to any other? For the purpose of comple teness, there is another interpretative method that is not discussed above and that is Literalism. Craven describes literalism as interpreting the Constitution by their ordinary – that is their literal meaning.This is evidenced in the Engineers case whereby the court overturns the reserve state powers doctrine and held that the states only have residual power over matters in section 51 of the Constitution. The obvious advantage of literalism is that it is â€Å"objective† in the sense that Judges does not need to use external materials thus promotes certainty. The fundamental flaw in this approach firstly it ignores implications and secondly, the English language is by its very nature is ambiguous ambiguity can be overcome by using historical materials to determine the framers intentions.The critics will argue that intention is difficult to identify and does not cater for the progression of a nation . It is asserted here that originality and intentionality does have a role in constitutional interpretation albeit a small role. Sir Daryl Dawson in his (Intention and the constitution) states that original intent ‘provides a starting point for the determination of individual cases. ‘ Progressivism as defined in Rowe (above) allows the constitution to be interpreted to the needs of a contemporary society.One of the main critic of progressivism is that it is arbitrary even unelected Judges can ultimately state what the contemporary society views is. On a closer examination, this supposition is unfounded. Kirby argues that the constitution itself and the words in it create limits on Judicial interpretation. Furthermore he argues that the common law structure is there with a long history of precedents, which has been Written down.. Expositions been duly recorded.. To make up the great body of common law. That is, the Judges still need to work within the common law system in light of the Judgments that went before them.This is slighted in the Engineers case , whereby Knox q, Isaacs, Rich and Starker J said that the Constitution should be read ‘naturally in the light of the circumstances in which it was made, with knowledge of the combined fabric of the common law, and the statute law which preceded it'. The history, common law and text of the constitution itself represents the various constraints that Judges need to work with and thus, cannot be viewed as arbitrary. Conclusion Coles intentionality method of interpretation has many flaws inherent in its approach and by definition does not cater for our contemporary society.This is in contrast to Rowe which adopted a progressivism approach and interpreted the words contingent upon external factors such as the context of the words in the Constitution as a whole and the underpinning values of the modern system and its structural framework. It is likely that history may set the context for the words of the provision and provide a starting point for constitutional interp retation but progressivism is the preferred approach as it encapsulates the needs of a changing society and ensures the interpretation is current, practical and logical.